Pitting Edema
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Purpose: Indirectly measure the amount of interstitial fluid present in the interstitial space. Pitting edema is often present when there is high water content in the interstitial fluid and may give an indication of fluid retention. Pitting edema is often found in congestive failure, early lymphedema, and venous insufficiency.
Procedure:Push into the limb. Hold pressure on the limb. Monitor the leg to see when the pit resolves. Results: Scale: 0 - None (no pitting present) (normal result) 1+ – slight indentation – instant rebound 2+ - Noticeable – rebounds within 15 secs 3+ - Rebounds in 15 – 30 secs 4+ - Rebounds to original > 30 secs |
References
Bates, D. O., Levick, J. R., & Mortimer, P. S. (1994). Quantification of rate and depth of pitting in human edema using an electronic tonometer. Lymphology, 27(4), 159-172.
Brodovicz, K. G., McNaughton, K., Uemura, N., Meininger, G., Girman, C. J., & Yale, S. H. (2009). Reliability and feasibility of methods to quantitatively assess peripheral edema. Clinical medicine & research, 7(1-2), 21-31.
Esterson, P. Measurement of Ankle Joint swelling Using a Figure of 8. JOSPT, 1979.
McCulloch, J. M., & Kloth, L. C. (2010). Wound healing: Evidence-based management. FA Davis.
Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity, 6th Edition, Elsevier publisher.
Stanton, A. W. B., Badger, C., & Sitzia, J. (2000). Non-invasive assessment of the lymphedematous limb. Lymphology, 33(3), 122-135.
Bates, D. O., Levick, J. R., & Mortimer, P. S. (1994). Quantification of rate and depth of pitting in human edema using an electronic tonometer. Lymphology, 27(4), 159-172.
Brodovicz, K. G., McNaughton, K., Uemura, N., Meininger, G., Girman, C. J., & Yale, S. H. (2009). Reliability and feasibility of methods to quantitatively assess peripheral edema. Clinical medicine & research, 7(1-2), 21-31.
Esterson, P. Measurement of Ankle Joint swelling Using a Figure of 8. JOSPT, 1979.
McCulloch, J. M., & Kloth, L. C. (2010). Wound healing: Evidence-based management. FA Davis.
Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity, 6th Edition, Elsevier publisher.
Stanton, A. W. B., Badger, C., & Sitzia, J. (2000). Non-invasive assessment of the lymphedematous limb. Lymphology, 33(3), 122-135.
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